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X-ray microanalysis ; innervation ; periapical region ; periapical lesions
Abstract:
Periodontal tissues, which constitute a part of tooth’s fixation, consist of periodontium, ligaments, cementum and alveolar bone. Through the apical foramen blood and lymphatic vessels together with nerves enter towards dental pulp. All structer of this surrounding may be involved in inflammatory processes. Those processes may develop either from dental pulp to periodontal tissues or in opposite direction (e.g. from gingival sulcus to periodontal region). Pathologic processes of periapical tissues influence hard tissues of the tooth and its pulp. The aim of this study was: 1. Describe histologic type of nerve fibers, as well as its location in periodontal tissues of healthy teeth and teeth with acute and chronic inflammation. Observation and description of every newly formed nerve fibers in the region of inflammation. 2. Description of elemental composition of healthy and inflamed tooth hard tissues according to SEM and X-ray microanalysis. Description of any possible change of mineralization degree and morphology of those tissues made by comparison. 3. Description of vessels and cells in root canal and estimation of those elements state according to SEM. In periapical inflammatory processes in human teeth levels of fluoride, phosphorus and cadmium raised in comparison with control group, and levels of oxide, sodium and calcium decreased. In the same time levels of sulphur, iro ; n, zinc and strontium initially slightly decreased during acute inflammatory processes and than dramatically increased during chronic phase. Levels of magnesium and potassium stayed on the same level. In control group sparse inflammatory cells were found. During acute inflammatory process levels of granulocytes and macrophages increased both in dental pulp and periapical region, and in chronic phase increased levels of lymphocytes – both type T and B and macrophages were found. More lymphocytes type T were found than type B ones. Various location of inflammatory cells according to lesion type was found. In control group reach innervation of periapical region was found. It was formed as composition of large and small, branched nerve fibers running towards the apical foramen. During periapical inflammatory processes of acute type PGP(+), SP(+), CGRP(+) and NPY(+) nerve fibers number increase. Furthermore those fibers formed more concentrated networks. In chronic type of inflammation further increase of nerve fibers was observed. In periapical lesions (granulomas and initial stages of periapical cysts) localization of all types of nerve fibers changed – fibers forming concentrated networks were localized outside of the lesion and inside the predominance of inflammatory cells was observed.