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Title: Effects of gestational diabetes on breast milk composition
Abstract:
Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a time-limited disease that occurs during pregnancy. Unfortunately, the risk of shortand long-term complications for both mother and child is high. Among the frequently reported in the literature health consequences of infant mothers with GDM are for example early childhood overweight, obesity and even early-onset diabetes. The mechanism of metabolic changes during infancy and early childhood is not fully understood yet. Many scientific studies report that breastfeeding has a protective effect for both mothers with a history of GDM and their babies. However, there are studies that indicate a potential link between milk from diabetes mothers and increased body fat in infancy. The effect of GDM on the composition of the breast milk has not been thoroughly reported in the literature. The hypothesis for this study was that gestational diabetes mellitus significantly affects the mean total and true protein, carbohydrate, fat, and energy value of milk at 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21 st and 28th day of lactation. Methodology: A total number of 145 mother-infant dyads, (74 women with GDM and 71 healthy women), participated in this study. Participants were included in the study group after the delivery in the maternity and neonatal units at Department of Gynecology and Perinatology, Jagiellonian University and Gynaecological and Obstetrics H ; ospital UJASTEK in Krakow. Milk samples were obtained at days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of lactation and analyzed using the MIRIS MHA analyzer. The analysis of macronutricients in human milk included quantitative measure of total and true protein, fats, carbohydrates and energy content. Results: Student's t-test revealed statistically significant effect of GDM on increased total protein p = 0,038 and true protein p = 0,022 in milk samples at 14 days of lactation. Additionally, Pearson correlation analysis revealed statistically significant correlations noted between total and true protein, carbohydrate, fat and energy value levels and maternal and neonatal factors of GDM study group. There was a statistically significant and positive correlation between milk fat content on the 3rd day of lactation with mother's age, r = 0,295; p = 0,034. There was a weak correlation between pre-pregnancy GDM women's body weight and total, true protein levels r = - 0,345; p = 0,011; r = - 0,323; p = 0,017 and carbohydrate at day 21 of lactation, r = 0,274; p = 0,045. There was a statistically significant and negative relationship between prepartum weight of women with GDM and total and true protein levels r = - 0,351; p = 0,010; r =- 0,321; p = 0,019 and at day 21 of lactation. A statistically significant, negative correlation was found between gestational weight gain measured and carbohydrate con ; tent on day 3 of lactation, r = - 0,397; p = 0,003. Neonatal factors of mothers with GDM were also found to be significantly correlated with fat and energy content. Milk of male newborns of mothers with GDM contained more fat and had higher energy content at day 7 in comparison to the milk for female newborns, r = 0,003; p = 0,003. The result of correlation test showed a statistically significant, positive connection between birth weight of newborns of mothers with ODM and fat content on day 3, r = 0,276, p = 0,038. There was no statistically significant correlation between newborns' length at birth with milk composition on GDM group. Summary: Gestational diabetes mellitus and mother age, prepregnancy/birth weight, gestational weight gain in a group of women with GDM, birth weight and sex of the newborn of a GDM mother are statistically significantly associated with quantitative variation in macronutrients and energy content of the milk during the first month of lactation.
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Rada Dyscypliny Nauki o zdrowiu
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Last modified:
Apr 8, 2024
In our library since:
May 23, 2022
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1
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http://dl.cm-uj.krakow.pl:8080/publication/4705
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| Edition name | Date |
|---|---|
| ZB-134974 | Apr 8, 2024 |
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