Search for: [Abstract = "with the previously unstudied opioids oxycodone and buprenorphine. Results. We observed that repeatedly administered morphine and analgesic adjuvants reduced antigen phagocytosis by macrophages. Analgesic adjuvants, with the exception of imipramine, tended to decrease the production of reactive oxygen intermediates and nitric oxide, with amitriptyline having the greatest effect. Further, amitriptyline with morphine enhanced basal secretion of cytokines by macrophages, and all analgesic adjuvants, fluoxetine, and moclobemide tended to decrease LPS\-stimulated release of pro\- inflammatory cytokines. Morphine and analgesic adjuvants impacted the expression of phagocytosis and antigen\-presentation markers on macrophages, which led to the reduced ability of morphine\-affected macrophages to induce B\-cell secretion of specific antibodies, and the addition of AAs strengthened this effect. Finally, gabapentin, venlafaxine, and imipramine suppressed the contact hypersensitivity reaction, while amitriptyline seemed to have the opposite effect. Conclusions. Our studies demonstrated a significant anti­ inflammatory activity of analgesic adjuvants across a broad spectrum of macrophage immune functions, which is likely critical to their analgesic activity supporting the beneficial effect of morphine."]

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