Search for: [Abstract = "The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness of ketoprofen or tramadol used for induction of preemptive analgesia. 120 patients scheduled for lumbar disc prolapse surgery were divided into four groups. In groups K\-pre and T\-pre ketoprofen or tramadol were used one hour before, in the control groups K\-post and T\-post drugs were used immediately after the procedure. In postoperative pain treatment ketoprofen \(in groups K\-pre and K\-post\) and tramadol \(in groups T\-pre and T\-post\) were used. In patients of “pre” groups a significantly lower consumption of analgesics was observed between the 12th and 36th postoperative hours. The lower ketoprofen requirement may be the result of induction of ketoprofen by other NSAIDs related mechanisms, such as, inhibition of pro\-inflammatory cytokine production, inhibited activation of nitric oxide synthase or increased production of lipoxins. In addition, after tissue injury, COX\-2 is induced and prostaglandins act to increase neuronal excitability with a delay of approximately 8 – 12 hours, which can account for no difference in the request for analgesics in previous observation periods. The lower tramadol requirement may be, in the first instance, the result of activation by tramadol serotonergic and noradrenergic antinociceptive mechanisms, because activation of these processes require 12 – 36 hours. The results of our study confirm th"]

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